{"id":1323,"date":"2016-07-01T09:00:56","date_gmt":"2016-07-01T07:00:56","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.ustarch.sav.sk\/?page_id=1323"},"modified":"2026-01-31T14:28:39","modified_gmt":"2026-01-31T12:28:39","slug":"daylight-science-and-daylighting-technology","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/ustarch.sav.sk\/sk\/archive\/daylight-science-and-daylighting-technology\/","title":{"rendered":"Daylight Science and Daylighting Technology"},"content":{"rendered":"

Department of Buildings Physics<\/a><\/h3>\n

Kittler Richard, Kocifaj Miroslav, Darula Stanislav<\/p>\n

<\/u>\"daylights-science\"<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n

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2012, XXII, 341 p. 116 illus., 38 in color.
\nISBN 978-1-4419-8815-7
\nSprinter New York, Dordrecht, Heidelberg, London
\nHardcover,<\/p>\n

Information and page views:
\nhttp:\/\/books.google.sk\/books?id=Wq5c589-yPEC<\/a><\/p>\n

Annotation<\/h3>\n

The concept and content of this book covers historical development of studies of sunlight and skylight influencing the Earth\u00b4s atmosphere and biosphere. Nature fuels the evolution of all living creatures, their visual systems and the manner in which they adopt, accommodate and habituate. Special attention is given to human environmental conditions and adaptation means in different prehistoric and civilisation periods. Thus this book is trying to sketch the entire evolution of daylight science from atmospheric science and theoretical and experimental photometry to visual workplace problems and psychophysics.<\/p>\n

The practical and scientific basis including photometrical progress and theoretical formulation of systems, units and solar and sky geometry with calculation simulation of daylight sources, their luminance and illumination are discussed. Methods of daylight measurements serve as data to calculate typical conditions including climate-based sky luminance patterns, daily, monthly and annual variability characteristics of daylight.<\/p>\n

Due to a heightened awareness of general health and well-being, sunlight utilisation and environmental comfort including glare discomfort while undertaking visual tasks are now of utmost importance. Therefore, in order to assure optimal environmental quality of urban spaces and building interiors further daylighting technology must be based on sound science.<\/p>\n

All twelve Chapters and their Appendices have relevant References cited, so readers and researchers can trace detail problems, studies published in various papers, conference proceedings or institutional publications which should form the basic information for further projects in the range of daylight science.<\/p>\n

Contents<\/strong><\/h3>\n

1\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Introduction<\/strong><\/h3>\n

2\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Short historical review of daylight utilisation by living creatures<\/strong><\/h3>\n

2.1\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Solar radiation and light helped to create and nurture life
\n2.2\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The hominid eye evolved in an equatorial environment
\n2.3\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Fire as the first artificial source of light and heat
\n2.4\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 New challenges and progress during the dawn and development of civilisation
\n2.5\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Further development of daylight science and daylight technology
\n2.5\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Partial conclusions
\nAppendix 2\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Comparison of historical daylight rules and standards
\nReferences<\/p>\n

3\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Daylight photometry: history, principles and empirical development<\/h3>\n

3.1\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 The interrelation of radiant and luminous quantities, terms and units under simple assumptions
\n3.2\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Solar constants and extraterrestrial luminous parameters
\n3.3\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Momentary sun positions, their daily and yearly changes
\n3.4\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Propagation of parallel sun beams through the atmosphere
\n3.5\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Historical basis of daylight photometry
\n3.6\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Exterior daylight conditions based on regular measurements on ground level
\n3.7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Evaluation of the exterior daylight measurements
\n3.8\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Luminous efficacy measured and modelled
\n3.9\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Partial conclusions
\nAppendix 3\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Comparison of solid angle calculation and stereographic representations
\nReferences<\/p>\n

4\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Propagation of light in the atmospheric environment<\/h3>\n

4.1\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Scattering and absorption phenomena in a turbid environment
\n4.2.\u00a0\u00a0 The factors influencing light-beam propagation in the atmosphere
\n4.3\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Single and multiply scattered diffuse light
\n4.4\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Relation between scattering phase function and indicatrix
\n4.5\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Partial conclusions
\nAppendix 4\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Comparison of trials to measure and model the whole range of the indicatrix and gradation functions
\nReferences<\/p>\n

5\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Chapter Sky luminance characteristics<\/h3>\n

5.1\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Atmospheric scattering of sunlight effecting sky luminance distribution
\n5.2\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Luminance distribution on the densely overcast sky vault
\n5.3\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Sky luminance patterns on arbitrary homogeneous skies
\n5.4\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Standard sky luminance patterns on general skies
\n5.5\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Methods to predict absolute zenith luminance levels
\n5.6\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Partial conclusions
\nAppendix 5\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Comparison of basic approaches and approximations for defining the sky luminance patterns
\nReferences<\/p>\n

6\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Simulation of seasonal variations in the local daylight climate<\/h3>\n

6.1\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 General characteristics of the daylight climate
\n6.2\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Advanced methods for defining local daylight conditions based on measurements
\n6.3\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Approximate daylight conditions after meteorological data concerning year-round daylight availability
\n6.3\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Sunshine duration as frequently the only relevant information on local daylight climate
\n6.4\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Daylight reference year simulating long-term yearly variations
\n6.5\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Energy savings due to better daylight utilization
\n6.6\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Partial conclusions
\nAppendix 6\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Possibilities to simulate year-round changes of the local climate
\nReferences<\/p>\n

7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Fundamental principles for daylight calculation methods<\/h3>\n

7.1 Skylight availability on horizontal unobstructed planes outdoors
\n7.2 Daylighting of urban spaces and obstructed horizontal outdoor surfaces
\n7.3 Utilisation of daylight in solar facilities and photovoltaic panels on vertical and inclined building surfaces
\n7.4 Partial conclusions
\nAppendix 7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Comparison of basic and approximate formulae for defining the window solid angle
\nReferences<\/p>\n

8\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Analytical calculation methods and tools for the design of unglazed apertures<\/h3>\n

8.1\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Historical achievements in calculating the daylight geometry of rectangular unglazed apertures
\n8.2\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Calculation methods valid for horizontal illuminance from vertical rectangular apertures
\n8.3\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Graphical tools for unglazed window design and the distribution of skylight in interiors
\n8.4\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Predicting skylight from unglazed inclined and horizontal rectangular apertures
\n8.5\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Partial conclusions
\nAppendix 7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Comparison of graphical tools for daylight prediction and their accuracy fo unglazed apertures and under uniform skies
\nReferences<\/p>\n

9\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Daylight methods and tools to design glazed windows and skylights<\/h3>\n

9.1\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Light transmission through glazing materials
\n9.2\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Calculation methods valid for vertical glazed windows illuminating horizontal planes
\n9.3\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Application of graphical tools for window design
\n9.4\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Possibilities to predict skylight from inclines rectangular openings
\n9.5\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Light propagation through circular apertures and hollow light guides
\n9.6\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Daylighting calculations with computers
\n9.7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Partial conclusions
\nAppendix 9\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Comparison of calculation tables and tools for sky components from vertical or sloped glazed windows
\nReferences<\/p>\n

10\u00a0 Modelling daylight distribution in complex architectural spaces<\/h3>\n

10.1\u00a0 Reflection, absorption and transmission properties of materials and surfaces
\n10.2\u00a0 Multiple interreflection of daylight in interiors
\n10.3\u00a0 Approximate flux-type predictions of interior interreflection
\n10.4\u00a0 Interreflections from rectangular sources among rectangular planes
\n10.5\u00a0 Daylight measurements in real interiors
\n10.6\u00a0 Measurements in complex architectural models to evaluate daylighting during design
\n10.7\u00a0 Artificial skies for laboratory model measurements
\n10.8\u00a0 Partial conclusions
\nAppendix 10\u00a0\u00a0 Special laboratory possibilities to test complex interreflections in designed architectural spaces
\nReferences<\/p>\n

11\u00a0 The neurophysiology and psychophysics of visual perception<\/h3>\n

11.1\u00a0 Ancient notions about vision and light relations during Classical Antiquity and the Middle Ages
\n11.2\u00a0 The Renaissance achievements in explaining visual colour images
\n11.3\u00a0 Post Renaissance Science and the Industrial Revolution\/Evolution progress
\n11.4\u00a0 Psychophysiophysics
\n11.5\u00a0 Psychophysics of the visual environment
\n11.6\u00a0 Neurophysiology and problems of neural coding
\n11.7\u00a0 Habituation and basic human wiring
\n11.8\u00a0 Partial conclusions
\nAppendix 11\u00a0\u00a0 Specific research area of architectural psychophysics
\nReferences<\/p>\n

12\u00a0 Discomfort and Disability Glare in the visual environment<\/h3>\n

12.1\u00a0 Recent history
\n12.2\u00a0 Further progress in discomfort glare research
\n12.3\u00a0 Position Index experiments
\n12.4\u00a0 Glare source size and task orientation experiments
\n12.5\u00a0 Partial conclusions and future research needs
\nAppendix 12\u00a0\u00a0 Comparison of changing glare situations under various daylight conditions
\nReferences<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Index<\/h3>\n

Corrigenda.<\/h3>\n

Several typing errors were found in this book. They are listed consecutively after pages:
\np. XVII The current Prof. Page\u00b4s e-mail address is: member@univshef.freeserve.co.uk<\/a>.
\np. 36 in line 16 from bottom should be his instead of her.
\np. 53 in Fig. 3.2. the horizontal line at vertical axis 0.6 should be deleted.
\np. 55 in eq. (3.14) there is an error in the approximate relation for the daily declination\u00a0changes in degrees and radians respectively which have to be corrected to correspond with\u00a0the interrelation of these units, i.e. 23.45\u00b0 p\/180\u00b0 = 0.4093.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Thus in degrees is:<\/p>\n

\"eq3_14a\"(3.14a)<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

while in radians it is<\/p>\n

\"eq3_14b\"(rad)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 (3.14b)<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

p.55 in both eq. (3.15a) and (3.15b) the two members in arccos brackets have to be added, i.e. instead of minus there should be a plus sign.
\np.58 in eq. (3.20) please delete minus in the denominator,
\np.60 line 10 should be \u00a0(as evident applying the assumption quoted),
\np.65 in eq. (3.35) the first denominator should be 373 instead of 273.
\np.133 the range after eq. (5.21) should be 0 < Z<\/em> < \u03c0\/2.
\np.137 eq. (5.28) and (5.29) is in kcd\/m2<\/sup>.
\np.144 at the bottom line the reference should be to Fig. 4.8 (instead of Fig. 5.4).
\np.151 in the Gillette\u2019s reference should be\u00a0 \u2026 sky conditions \u2026
\np.188 please delete g<\/em> on the left side of Fig. 7.1.
\np.196 in eq. (7.33) should be SF<\/em>(1:2) instead of SF<\/em>(1:3).
\n297 Table 11.1 delete superscript a<\/sup> with Stevens (a<\/sup> Stevens), add superscript a<\/sup> to Hopkinson (a <\/sup>Hopkinson).
\np.306 \u2013 308 in the references of Chapter 11 the following are missing:<\/p>\n

Abribat, M.: Les contrastes de brillances dans la nature et dans ses repr\u00e9sentations. Compte Rendu de la R\u00e9union de l’Institut d’Optique 3, 3-27 (1935)<\/p>\n

Hopkinson, R.G.: Discussion on paper by Wright, W., D.: Trans., I.E.S. (London) 4, 13 (1939)<\/p>\n

Hopkinson, R.G.: The multiple criterion technique of subjective appraisal. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 2, 124 (1950)<\/p>\n

Hopkinson, R., G.: Assessment of Brightness: What We See. Illuminating Engineering Invited Paper, 50th<\/sup> Anniversary Convocation, National Technical Committee, Sept. 18, 1956. Boston (1957)<\/p>\n

Hopkinson, R.G.: Evaluation of Glare. Illuminating Engineering, 52<\/strong>, 305-316 (1957)<\/p>\n

MacGowan, D.: Determination of modified external components of daylight factor and glare index using LIAM diagrams. Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, U.C. Berkeley, CA, Private Report (1981)<\/p>\n

Nutting, P.G.: Effects of Brightness and Contrast in Vision. Transactions of the Illuminating Engineering Society, XI, 12, 939 (1916)<\/p>\n

Stevens, J. C. and Marks, L. E.: Stevens\u2019s power law in vision: Exponents, intercepts, and thresholds. Proceedings of the Fifteenth Annual Meeting of the International Society for Psychophysics, 87-92 (1999)<\/p>\n

Wright, W.D.: The Response of the eye to light in relation to the measurement of subjective brightness and contrast. Transactions of the Illuminating Engineering Society, IV, January (1939)<\/p>\n

Note an explanation and addition to corrigenda of Chapter 11 page 296 mid first paragraph to page end:<\/h3>\n

In general,\u00a0 could be found from the \u03b1 power of a low measured physical stimulus range minus the absolute threshold of perception for that continuum (Stevens, 1957), the basic Power Law; or from the \u03b1 power resulting from a high luminous continuum stimulus range reference adaptation level (Hopkinson, 1957), also a power function; or from a high luminance specific continuum to a specific physical continuum reference stimulus ratio (MacGowan, 1984), still a power function. Thus, a selected datum rather than its threshold datum could equally apply to the Power Law. However, though the latter qualification is factual it still awaits peer recognition, probably because the mechanism which underpins the phenomenon remains unclear.<\/p>\n

However, in determining brightness to luminance functions Stevens used Wright\u2019s technique, an unnatural binocular<\/em> technique which employed a fixed adaptation right eye and an independently variably stimulated left eye (Wright 1939), criticised by (Hopkinson, 1939). At low adaptation levels, in dim conditions, the technique produced the power\u00a0. Independently, Hopkinson (1957), using his Luminosity Photometer, produced the same \u00a0power for low luminance to brightness magnitude conditions. However, Hopkinson\u2019s twin box brightness viewing device employed true binocular vision, and at high luminance and adaptation levels Hopkinson found the power to be , which markedly differed from the power found via Wright\u2019s binocular<\/em> routine, also employed by Stevens, J., C., and Stevens, S.S. (1963) and Stevens, J., C., and Marks, L., E., (1999). The reason for such different \u03b1<\/em> powers is still speculative and can\u2019t be addressed within the space and context of this book. However, the work of Wright, Nutting (1920) and most others of the era predominantly addressed question of brightness perception at low luminances; rendering questions of perception at high luminances, counterbalance of dominant left or right eye and interaction between eyes at high luminances casualties of UK war-time priorities. However, Hopkinson used his Luminosity Photometer with more realistic, true binocular, viewing Hopkinson (1939) and (1957) to try to understand brightness magnitude assessment and later in the development and utility of his multi-criterion Discomfort Glare experiments (Hopkinson, 1957), Hopkinson (1963, Part II, Section VII, p. 328-333). MacGowan predominantly replicated it in Discomfort Glare criteria and evaluated for linearity using Stevens\u2019 magnitude estimation technique some two decades later (MacGowan et al, 1981 through 1983).<\/p>\n

Stevens determined a plethora of other \u00a0powers in which when any continuum type or character is markedly changed so \u00a0is changed. Stevens produced such continua \u00a0character tables as Tab. 11.1.<\/p>\n

Additional study literature to the Chapter 11<\/h3>\n

Adams, A., Farrand, A. B., and MacGowan, D. 1982. Further on the Functions of Windows. Paper prepared for presentation at the Daylighting Conference at the Mid Atlantic Solar Energy Association, Philadelphia, USA. (conference cancelled)<\/p>\n

Bartlett, F. C. 1950. Subjective Judgements. Nature 166, 984-985- Bartlett, F. C. 1950. Human tolerance limits. Acta psychological, 7, 1333-141<\/p>\n

Berson, D., 2009. Ganglion-cell photoreceptors: Curiouser and curiouser [Abstract]. Journal of Vision, 9 (14):22, 22a, http:\/\/journalofvision.org\/9\/14\/22\/, doi:10.1167\/9.14.22<\/p>\n

Blackwell, H.R. 1963. A general quantitative method for evaluating the visual significance of reflected glare, utilising visual performance data. Illuminating Engineering, (58), 161-216<\/p>\n

Collins, B.L. 1975. Windows and People: A Literature Survey of the Psychological Reaction to Environments With and Without Windows, Building Science Series 70, U.S. National Bureau of Standards<\/p>\n

Collins, J.B., 1981. On window glare. Proceedings of the Commission International de l’Eclairage (CIE) TC-4.2, Granada, Spain<\/p>\n

Delboeuf, J.R.L. 1873. \u201cEtude psychophysique,\u201d M\u00e9m. Acad. R. Belg. 23 nr 5<\/p>\n

Delboeuf, J.R.L 1883. El\u00e9ments de psychophysique g\u00e9n\u00e9rale et special (Paris: G. Bailli\u00e9re)<\/p>\n

Fr\u00f6hlich, F. W. 1921. Grundz\u00fcge einer Lehre vom Licht und Farbensinn. Ein Beitrag zur allgemeinen Physiologie der Sinne, Fischer: Jena<\/p>\n

Fry, G.A. 1968. The discomfort produced by a continuous luminous ceiling. Illuminating Engineering, 63 (8), 411-414<\/p>\n

Fry, G.A., Alpern, M. 1955. Effect of Glare Source Upon Apparent Brightness of an Object. Illuminating Engineering, January<\/p>\n

Ginsburg, A. 1984. ”Vistech” Vision Contrast Test System. ”Vistech” Consultants Inc, Seattle.<\/p>\n

Griffith, J.W. 1968. BCD judgements of large area sources. Illuminating Engineering, 63 (3), 106-110<\/p>\n

Harris, J. D. 1943. Habituatory response decrement in the intact organism. Psychological Bulletin, 40, 385-422<\/p>\n

Harrison, W., 1945. Glare Ratings. Paper submitted for presentation at cancelled I.E.S. Convention<\/p>\n

Hartling, H. K., and C. H. Graham (1932): Nerve Impulses from Single Receptors in the Eye Journal of Cellular and Comparative Physiology 1, 277-95<\/p>\n

Hopkinson, R.G. 1951. The brightness of the environment and its influence on visual comfort and efficiency. Proceedings of the Building Research Congress, Div. 3, Part III, 133<\/p>\n

Hopkinson, R.G. 1958. Nature, 181-1076<\/p>\n

Hopkinson, R.G. 1963. Architectural Physics: Lighting, London: HMSO, Part II, Section VII, 324-354<\/p>\n

Hopkinson, R.G.1972: Glare from daylighting in buildings. Applied Ergonomics, 34, 206-215<\/p>\n

Kendrick, J.D. 1974. Dynamic Lighting. Presentation to the Illuminating Engineering Society of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia<\/p>\n

Kendrick, J.D., Skinner, S. 1980. Dynamic Aspects of Daylight. CIE Proceedings of Symposium on Daylight: Physical, Psychological and Architectural Aspects, Berlin, 238-252<\/p>\n

Kendrick, J.D. 1983. Daylight Variability in Rooms with Different Orientation. General Proceedings. 1st International Daylighting Conference, Phoenix, Arizona, USA, 21-28<\/p>\n

Kendrick, J.D. 1991. A Little Light Provocation and the New Challenges. Journal of Light and Visual Environment, (Tokyo), 15 (2), 88-94<\/p>\n

Lewy, A.J., Kern, H.A., Rosenthal, N.E., Wehr, T.A. 1982. Bright artificial light treatment of a manic-depressive patient with a seasonal mood cycle. American Journal of Psychiatry<\/p>\n

Logan, H.L., Lange, A.W. 1952. The evaluation of visual comfort data. Illuminating Engineering, 47 (4), 195-205<\/p>\n

Luckiesh, M., Holladay, L.L. 1925. Glare and Visibility. Transactions I.E.S., March.<\/p>\n

Luckiesh M., Moss F.K.,1933. Muscular tension resulting from glare. Journ. General Psychology, 8, 455<\/p>\n

Macfarlane, W.V., 1958. Thermal comfort zones. Architectural Science Review, 1, 1-14<\/p>\n

Macfarlane, W.V., 1958. Strenuous exercise in a hot environment. J. Appl. Physiol. 1958, 13<\/p>\n

Macfarlane, W.V., 1959. Human water economy in the heat. Proc. 6th Int. Congo Trop. Med and Malar. 6, 19<\/p>\n

Macfarlane, W.V., 1960. Human functions in arid regions. Medical services and communication in the semi-desert. In Arid Zone Conference, Melbourne, Papers No. 48 and 52<\/p>\n

Macfarlane, W.V., 1961. Physiological basis for airconditioning. Arch. Sci. Rev. 4, 124<\/p>\n

Macfarlane, W.V., 1963. Endocrine functions in hot environments. Environmental physiology and Psychology in Arid Conditions: Reviews. UNESCO, Paris, 153, 351-355<\/p>\n

Macfarlane, W.V., 1965. Visual illusion and the design of interior walls. Sci. Rev. 8, 85<\/p>\n

Macfarlane, W.V., 1965. Human functions in hot regions. Studies on metabolism, hormones and habituation. Triangle, 7, 55<\/p>\n

Macfarlane, W.V., 1970. Seasonality of conception in human populations. In Biometeorology 4. Int. J. Biometeor., 14, Supple 167-182<\/p>\n

Macfarlane, W.V., 1973. Functions of Aboriginal nomads during summer. In The Human Biology of Aboriginals in Cape York. Ed. R.L. Kirk. Aust. Aboriginal Studies, No. 44, 49. Aust. Institute of Aboriginal Studies, Canberra<\/p>\n

Macfarlane, W.V., 1974. Night and human functions. I.E.S Lighting Review, 36, 35<\/p>\n

Macfarlane, W.V., 1974. Habituation. In Progress in Biometeorology, Division A: Progress in human biometeorology. 1, Ch 6 Sect 18, No 1B, 462-7 and 691-4<\/p>\n

Macfarlane, W.V., 1974. Habituation. In Progress in Biometereology: Progress in Human Biometeorology, Vol. 1, No.1B, Div. A, Ch. 6, Sec. 18, 467 and 691-4<\/p>\n

Macfarlane, W.V., 1974. Acclimatization and Adaptation to Thermal Stresses. In Progress in Biometereology: Progress in Human Biometeorology, Vol. 1, No.1B, Div. A, Ch. 6, Sec. 19a, 468-73 and 697-5<\/p>\n

Macfarlane, W.V., 1976. Brain and behaviour. Aust. Sci. Teach. J. 1976, 22, 100<\/p>\n

Macfarlane, W.V., 1976. Hormones and adaptation. In Selected Topics in Environmental Biology Eds. B. Bhatia, G.S. Chhina, Baldev Singh. Interprint Publications, New Delhi, India. 211<\/p>\n

Macfarlane, W.V., 1978. Determinants of tolerance limits in animals and man. In Biologyand Quaternary Environments. Eds. D. Walker and J.C. Guppy. Aust. Acad. Sci., Canberra, 147<\/p>\n

Macfarlane, W.V., 1981. Living and working in the heat. Transactions of the Menzies Foundation Living in the North, The Foundation, Clarendon Terrace, East Melbourne, Vol. 2, pp.185-195<\/p>\n

MacGowan, D., 1965. Miniaturisation in daylight prediction. Light and Lighting, 58, 8, 256\u2013258<\/p>\n

MacGowan, D., McIntosh. J. F. McIntosh. P G. 1971. \u00b7Computer Diagrams and Tables\u00b7, Programmes for the Computation of Sky Components. and Sky Component Comparisons under Different luminance Functions and Glass Transmission Expressions. School of Architecture University of British Columbia, Vancouver. Unpublished<\/p>\n

MacGowan, D. 1972. \u00b7Creative Application of Digital Computers. Newsletter No.1, Daylight Research Unit, Fac. of Arch. and Town.Planning, University of Adelaide<\/p>\n

MacGowan, D. 1972. \u00b7Creative Application of Digital Computers. Newsletter No.2, Daylight Research Unit, Fac. of Arch. and Town Planning, University of Adelaide<\/p>\n

MacGowan, D., and Kendrick, J.D. 1972. “Creative Application of Digital Computers. Newsletter No.3 Daylight Research Unit Fac. of Arch. and Town Planning, University of Adelaide<\/p>\n

MacGowan, D. 1973. \u00b7Creative Application of Digital Computers: Daylighting II. In CIE TC-4.2 Symposium Window and their Functions in Architectural Design Proceedings, pp. Wl-28. Brussels: Commite Nationale Belge de l\u2019Eclairage.<\/p>\n

MacGowan, D. 1973. Creative Application of Digital Computers: Daylighting II, Department of Architecture, University of Washington, 98195, USA. In University of Adelaide Barr Smith Library Main collection Book. 729.28 M146c, 1-214<\/p>\n

MacGowan, D. 1973. Creative Application of Digital Computers: Daylighting II: Condensed\u00a0 version Department of Architecture, University of Washington, 98195, USA. In University of Adelaide Barr Smith Library Main collection Book. 729.28 M146c.C, 1-28<\/p>\n

MacGowan, D., Peterson, N., and Adams, A. 1981. LBL Extended LIAM Diagrams Series LBL Report. Berkeley<\/p>\n

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